The Ethics Of Predator Drones Criminology Essay

The Ethics Of pirana Dr onenesss Criminology EssaySince its inception in 1995, the General Atomics MQ-1 pirana was initially intended for reconnaissance and forward observation roles, but the September 11 attacks changed that altogether. During February 4, 2002, the CIA deployed the first unmanned, armed Predator jab in an assassination attempt. The flush was to happen in the city of Khost, a province in sheepskin coatistan. The target was Osama bin Laden, or at least someone who the CIA thought was him. Armed with a payload of Hellfire missiles, the drone attacked a group of would-be insurgents. Days later, local journalists and Afghan civilians inform that the dead men were civilians collecting scrap metal. What ensued there afterwards was backlash from the public condemning its expend. Using (UAVs) unmanned aerial vehicles to kill venture terrorists marks a radical departure from the routes we eat up dealt with enemies before. Drones have un decreedly become the limb of choice for counter-terrorism. And over the coming decades, be expected to replace piloted aircraft. With the future of warfare pointing to the use of drones, legal and ethical issues touch their use must be explored. Since their deployment, armed fall upon drones have killed terror suspects as well as innocent civilians.The Ethics of Predator DronesIntroductionFrom Davids slingshot, to the creation of bows and arrows, then guns, and missiles, major advances in military technology have revolved nearly the ability to kill from a distance. Just like a sniper subject to shoot down an NVA commanding general from a mile away, the ability to shoot at your enemy from a greater distance than he bunghole shoot back at you is one of the reasons why warfare continues to evolve. The MQ-1 predator drone is just a red-hot tool in a new kind of war. A war waged in the 21st century, the height of technological advancement in weaponry.The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq were used by the US milit ary as a test bed for their development of future weapons. The US military might is one of the greatest of the world. The US spends more money in demurrer than all of the different countries combined. The money spent is used in the hopes of lessening military casualties, and to help in accomplishing kicks and tasks in a more effective way by using new technology. Their latest inventions include an assortment of robots that are capable of performing EOD (Explosive Ordinance Disposal) and IED (Improvised Explosive Device) destruction missions. Some robots have so far cross-trained to a more fall upon role. For example, the US military have deployed a robot called the Foster-Miller TALON. This robots mission ranges from reconnaissance to engagement by employing a rifle mount apparatus to its tracked chassis. Calibers from the M16, M249, M240 machine gun, .50 Barrett, and sometimes a six barreled 40mm grenade launcher have all been outfitted into its tracked chassis. These are jus t examples of the robots that are deployed on the ground. The most noticeable robot from this new generation of combat robots is the MQ-1 Predator drone. To this day, the Predator drone has flown more than 1 million flight hours. rubbish CapabilitesThe CIA began experimenting with reconnaissance drones since the early 1980s. It was only in the early 1990s when they finally ensnare a suitable prototype that could meet their intended mission needs. in the first place the production of the current MQ-1 Predator, most of the prototypes were so loud that their detection was inevitable. A chief designer from the Israeli Air effectiveness immigrated to the US in the seventies and started his own defense contractor business and called it General Atomics. The CIA secretly bought 5 drones from General Atomics and equipped with a more im designated and quieter Rotax engine that is driven by a propeller. The Predator drone target fly a range of 770 miles and stay in the air for up to 40 hou rs, cruising at altitudes over 25,000 feet. Its sack up speed is 135 mph which is powered by a 115 horse powered Rotax engine. With a payload of 450 pounds, most of the equipment include infrared tv cameras, and a ground-scanning Synthetic Aperature Radar. A tenor was also produced to provide a more combat-centered role. This variant is armed with a pair of AGM-114 Hellfire laser-guided, anti-armor missiles. Another variant called the MQ-9 Reaper is their latest incarnation of combat drones. The MQ-9 Reaper is much larger and also capable of autonomous flight operations. It is the first hunter-killer UAV designed for long-edurance missions.The Predator can be disassembled into 6 main components and loaded into a container which makes it rapidly deployable. Included in the Predator package is a 20ft satellite dish and other back up equipment. The satellite dish provides a link to communicate with the floozys at a distant remote location. The ground station houses the multiple sup port staff from pilots to detector operators. The remote link could be as far as 5000 miles away, which makes the predator a arrangement rather than an aircraft. The advantage of using such a system is that it has all the advantages of a traditional reconnaissance sortie without ever exposing the pilot to a hostile environment.Combat RecordCurrently the US Air Force has over 190 MQ-1 Predators and over 25 MQ-9 Reapers in operation. Over 250 missiles have been fired in Iraq and Afghanistan alone since 2008. An estimated 70 Predators have been lost due to weather, equipment failure, operator error and an additional 4 have been shot down. With over 1 million flight hours, the Predator has maintained a 90 percent mission capable rate. With no US casualties related to operating a drone, this proves advantageous in combat operations.The Predator drone first took flight over the Balkans. It provided reconnaissance during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Then in 2000, the CIA and the Pentag on joined forces to locate Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. The first flights over Afghanistan were more of an observatory role which provided intelligence for the locations of suspected terrorists. It wasnt until the September 11 attacks that the US started to seriously consider arming the Predator with weapons for combat purposes. After successful testing of the newly armed Predators, the US found more missions for the Predator to perform and more are used today in multiple combat zones.With its newfound role as a combat drone, the US began to deploy the Predator on missions to Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen, and other middle-eastern countries in which suspected terrorists are expected to be in hiding. During missions in Iraq, several Predator drones encountered Iraqi MiG-25s and participated in the first air to air combat between a drone and a piloted fighter aircraft. In fact, the US stripped multiple Predator drones of its sophisticated weapons and sensory systems and used them as decoys in the sky to entice Iraqi air defenses to expose themselves by firing. The most recent account of a Predator universe used to kill high-profile terrorists was during an operation to apprehend deposed Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. Since then, several Predators have returned to Libya in support of the Benghazi attacks.Civilian CasualtiesDespite its combat effectiveness against suspected terrorists, reports suggest that far more civilians have been killed by US drone attacks than US officials have acknowledged. A new study by Stanford University and New York University contends that CIA targeted killings arent making America any safer and instead has turned the Countries that these drones have ravaged against the US. The study calls for the Obama administration to be more transparent and accountable for its actions, and to prove compliance with international law.One instance in dispute involving civilian casualties occurred during a drone attack on March 17, 2011. An estimated 42 p eople were killed during a Jirga, a meeting of elders. According to reports, most of those killed were civilians with only 4 known members of the Taliban in attendance. The disparity of civilian deaths to militant deaths calls to question the legal basis for targeted killings by drones and the criteria in which an authorized strike is recommended against armed men who fit the profile of militants. The study says that the drone attacks violate international law because the government has no deduction that the targets are direct threats to the United States.The following graph displays the reported fatalities resolving powering from US drone strikes conducted in Pakistan. As you can see from the graph, fatalities have risen significantly since 2004. The dramatic rise in fatalities correlates to the frequency of use. Not only has President Obamas administration embraced the CIAs campaign of Predator drone strikes in Pakistan that began under President chaparral in 2004. It has also continued an acceleration of the campaign that began in July 2008 during the last year of President chaparrals tenure (Woodward 2010 25).There is also evidence that the range of persons being targeted has expanded. In particular, it has been widely reported that late in the Bush administration, the CIA received permission to broaden the scope of targeting from an exclusive focus on high-value al-Qaeda and Afghan Taliban targets to include low level fighters whose identities may not be known and that this broadened scope has gradually come to include the Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP) or Pakistani Taliban (Kilcullen, Exum, Fick and Humayun 2009 18 Mayer 2009 Entous 2010). more than and more pressure has been added by the international residential district to stop these drone attacks, but top US officials have defended its use. A top US counter-terrorism official cited the benefits of its uses. Such benefits include reduced danger to US pilots and limited US military involvement overseas. LegalityThere were reports from the Wall Street Journal that revealed the Bush Administrations and CIAs plan to set up hit squads to capture and kill Taliban and Al Qaeda militants around the world. The anger from the public grew even more when the Times reported that the CIA planned to carry out these hits by employing the controversial private contractor formerly known as Blackwater. Members from both the House and Senate intelligence committees claim that these plans were transcendental from them and demanded a thorough investigation of the programs created to carry out those hits. Although the program was never fully operational, many legal experts contend that if they were, it would have violated President Gerald R. Fords 1976 decision maker order in which it bans American intelligence forces from engaging in assassinations.Although the targeted-killing program was never fully implemented, many consider the Predator program to be an credit of its intended creation. It so hap pens, that the Predator program also uses private contractors for maintaining the drones, equipping it with Hellfire missiles, and also flying it.There are currently 2 drone programs in which the US government runs. There is the military version, for which it is publicly acknowledged and operates in recognized war zones such as Iraq and Afghanistan. The military version is considered to be an extension of conventional warfare. Then there is the CIAs version, which aims at killing suspected terrorists around the world, including in countries where US troops are not present. The latter is under-the-table and not much information is provided to the public about how it chooses its targets, where the operations are conducted, or how many people have been thought to have been killed. The international community condemns these targeted killings and suggested that these attacks would encourage other countries to disregard long-established human rights standards. Some even suggested that th ese drone strikes may even constitute war crimes. Powerful countries such as China, Russia and other countries have publicly criticized the US drone attacks. The concern is mostly about the use of drones outside of recognized war zones and the secretive nature of such operations. parenthesis from the lawful use of drone attacks in which it is involved in armed conflict, some consider the secondary attacks on rescuers who are helping the injured after the initial drone attacks, those further attacks are suggested to be war crimes.Ethical ConcernsOne of the main concerns about using the Predator drone, despite its exemplary combat record, is that drones could lead us down the road to building fully autonomous weapons systems machines that can make their own lethal decisions on the battlefield. Its hard to distinguish which weapon system is considered autonomous, so for the purpose of making a quick distinction, I will refer to any weapon that makes a decision to launch a lethal attac k as fully autonomous. So, a heat-seeking Hellfire missile that follows a target would not be autonomous because a human entity make the decision to push the button to launch it, but a Predator drone programmed so as to make the decision for itself to fire on a specific target of its own accord would be. So as long as the human element is present for each particular lethal decision, it would not be considered autonomous. Many consider autonomous drones to be chastely impermissible and are afraid that the move to make current drones autonomous is just around the corner.Another concern pertains to the drones decreased ability to discriminate combatants from noncombatants. The concern stems from the trust-worthiness of intelligence and also from the ability to discern different people from a video hunt down in which the operator is literally thousands of miles away from the battlefield. The examples given before in which the toll of civilian deaths were reported to be significantly l arger than the combatant deaths license to this concern.Some are worried that the use of drones leads to psychological conflicts for their operators. A drone operator would go home or to a PTA meeting after a hard days work of killing suspected terrorists from the comforts of his work desk. Some argue that this places unjust psychological burden on them and causes cognitive dissension in the mindset of the warrior. An even greater concern is that drone operators would treat warfare as if it were a video game as a result from the cognitive dissonance which will weaken a warriors will to fight. This could ultimately lead to mental problems or even PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) which would likely fall upon the operators decision-making on the battlefield.Another criticism is that drones create unjust asymmetry in combat. The objection follows The use of technologically superior weapons such as drones by one force against another force that does not have the means to attain s imilar technology crosses an asymmetry threshold that makes the combat inherently ignoble. Its considered to be morally impermissible to pit two opposing sides against each other whose combat abilities differ greatly. Imagine pitting a lion against a dog. The same belief applies when you consider jus in bello (Laws of war). This position is usually held because in such circumstances one side literally does not take any life-or death risks any(prenominal) (or nearly so, since its warfighters are not even present in the primary theater of combat) whereas the opposing side carries all the risk of combat. (Stawser, 2010)A Moral courting for DronesThere are many advocates for the continued use of drones. Some argue that the US is not only entitled but morally obliged to use drones. Considering all the advantages, there is really no downside to using them. Drones are merely an extension of a long historical trajectory of removing a warrior ever farther from his foe for the warriors bet ter protection. (Strawser, 2010) Predator drones have been credited with the removal of top Al Qaeda and Taliban members, the most recent being Al Qaedas No. 3, Mustafa Abu al-Yazid. fillet these influential terrorist leaders proved to be valuable in stopping large scale terrorists plots aimed at destroying or even devastating US cities and their allies. cobblers lastIts only a matter of time when drones will rule the sky. Not only are drones being used in the combat zone, assassination plots, or just surveillance, there are plans in the future for them to roam in the sky of our own US cities. Plans to make drones an extension of law enforcement are inevitable. in the beginning that happens, we have to be responsible citizens and look deep into the ethical problems that they provide and not be blinded by its technological superiority. As the drone attacks in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, and elsewhere have demonstrated, we now have the ultimate in push button warfare. There is alwa ys an advantage to having military superiority over your enemies. However, I think its important that we not fall into the trap of thinking that just because our slingshot has a greater range than the other guys, we are morally reassert in using it in every case. Military superiority brings with it a moral responsibility not to use the superior weapons we take merely because we possess them.(Vincent, 2009)

The Truth about the Morning-After Pill :: Birth Control Pregnancy Papers

The Truth about the Morning-After PillDuring her freshman year at Northeastern University, 19-year-old Jennifer Grant* legal opinion college was just about doing minimal homework, passage to parties, and meeting new people. She looked forward to every weekend when she was invited to parties with upperclassmen. Sadly, her world fell apart when she was raped by another student who was an acquaintance. Scared and confused from the experience, she false to her friends for help.They mentioned rumors of this morning- after(prenominal) pill that would help you from getting pregnant, Grant said.She wanted to go to the Lane Health Center, further it was Sunday and she knew it was closed. She looked on the Internet for information on what she thought was a magic pill and discovered she could still take it both days later. On Monday, she walked into the Lane Health Center and after waiting a few minutes, she was assisted by a nurse. After she nervously explained what had happened, she said she was given a survey that contained a series of medical questions. In access to the emergency contraception pill, a pregnancy test was administered and she was tested for sexually transfer diseases. They did everything they could to help me and make me feel comfortable, Grant said. The only thing on my mind was, I cant get pregnantThe emergency contraception pill (ECP), most ordinarily known as the morning-after pill, is a back-up kin control method that is used after unprotected sex, contraceptive failure, or rape. It prevents pregnancy from occurring, however, it is not a method for abortion nor does it protect against sexually transmitted diseases. ECPs do not necessarily need to be taken the morning-after. They can be taken up to 120 hours after unprotected sex but the sooner it is taken, the more effective it is. According to Pamela Harris, the Health Promotion & Planning Coordinator at Lane Health Center, if it is taken within the first 72 hours after unprotected sex, t he risk of pregnancy is reduced to a 15 percent to 25 percent chance. There are several different kinds of ECPs available. The most commonly used is Plan B. At Lane Health Center, Ovral, Lo-Ovral, and Levlen are other kinds of ECPs that are provided. ECPs are easy to use and are orally ingested. With Plan B, two doses are taken one as soon as possible and the other about 12 hours later.

Is there ever a solution for working mothers? :: essays research papers

The vast majority of mothers in the world today are working and earning. Where they work may range from the family compound, to nearby fields, to local markets, to industrial parks, to corporate headquarters but in both developing and developed countries women are economically active, providing support for themselves, their children, and their familiesAccording to http//www.popcouncil.org/publications/seeds/seeds13.html10T it states that Not entirely are more mothers working but, in both the modern and traditional sectors, more mothers with very young children now find it necessary to venture yet from home in order to provide a livelihood for the family. While it is difficult to find statistical breakdowns of the number of working mothers in most part of the world, especially where large numbers of women are employed in the informal sector, in the United States today nearly 57 percent of women with children under the advance of six are employed, and the trend appears to be growi ng. The number of women returning to the job market in the U.S. within one year of giving birth, for instance, rose from 31 percent in 1976 to 50.8 percent in 1987. The critical question is who is going to occupy for their children while they are working, because, in virtually all parts of the world, providing capable child-care arrangements is the responsibility of the woman. One problem is that, in too many cases, adequate child care is non available, and when suitable arrangements do not exist, women face not only limitation of employment options and confinement to low-income occupations (where there is generally greater flexibility), but frequent high levels of stress, anxiety, and fear. There is a need for another care giving alternative delegation of responsibility to a formally or informally organized system of childcare.

The Child Playing Alone :: Personal Narrative Nigeria Childhood Essays

The Child Playing Alone I was once a rapturous child drawing at the dining-room table, under a varnished glass chandelier that sat like a hat on the swollen orb of my excitement. What isexciting that child, so distant from us in while and space?Squ atomic number 18s of different colors are splattered all over the sheet I am staring at. Some are yellow, others pink, a a couple of(prenominal) unripe and lots are blue. Unfortunately I am not staring at few great artwork or beautiful solace from Alabama. I am look at my weekly planner, pasted on the wall with a few worn looking pieces of tape. Blue for physics and green for chemistry, orange for calculus and yellow for expository writing I leave no activity plain white. Not only different colors are used in the squares, but different designs as well. Some are striped, others are spotted. Some are solid squares while others have empty centers... some are even a combination of colors. At a first glance it appears this creativity i s due to necessity. I needed to organize my time, or at least try, and so I produced a colorful chart. A deeper look transports me back to my childhood in Nigeria.My home country, in the heart of the tropics, is interesting. The nomadic oxen herdsman is constantly covered with white specs of salt from his evaporated sweat in the arid and hot atmosphere of almost 40 degrees centigrade in the newton of the country. Surrounded by a few shrubs scattered over sandy plains, he is constantly in search of pasture for his cattle and water to drink. The merchandise women chat away in the high humidity of the south watching their kids play in the shade of the few palm trees left, after development has robbed the shoot of its natural dense vegetation. My home was there in the south, near the coast, with the Atlantic Ocean knocking at our door. There was the constant danger of the beach organism eroded by the black ocean, intent on claiming back its space, as about 50% of the island I lived on is land filled. Thus my mother refused to brook me onto the closest beach to my home as it had many dangers, from the ocean to bored louts hanging around looking for innocent victims. I could never feel angry at her though because she gave up her career, by choice, to take care of her children.

Review of Hatchet by Gary Paulsen Essay -- Hatchet Gary Paulsen

Review of Hatchet by Gary PaulsenI read the nurse Hatchet by Gary Paulsen. The book was about a thirteen-year-old boy named Brian Robeson who was stranded in a plane crash. He was out in the Canadian wilderness trying to visit his dad. Brian is leftover with nothing but his clothing a tattered windbreaker, and the hatchet his mother had given him as a present.First as Brian and the fly were flying to Brian fetch?s house the pilot was showing Brian how to fly the plane. ? Here, put your hands on the controls, your feet on the rudder pedals, and I?ll show you what I mean?(P. 4). During the flight the pilot seemed to be having trouble with pain in his arm and side. Little did he know that this was a sign of a major heart attack. ? And now a jolt took him like a hammer blow, so forcefully that he seemed to crush back into the seat, and Brian reached for him, could not understand at first what it was, could not know. And past knew? ( P.10). Brian was left all alone, to fly t he plane by himself and he knew he didn?t have much of a chance to survive. Next the big caper was that the plane ran out of fuel and it took a slight dive. The plane went into a glide and continued to descend. He spotted a lake and steered towards the lake. He wasn?t a good pilot and ended up in the trees instead of the lake were he originally wanted to go. ?There were great wrenching as the wings caught the pines at the side of the clearing and broke back, ripping back just outs...

Condoms, STDs, & Pregnancy :: essays research papers

During the 1980s, efforts increased to alert the public to the dangers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), other sexually transmissible diseases (STDs), and unintended pregnancy, yet these problems have increased. Adolescents and young adults have been especially hard hit. Pregnancy and birth rates among juvenilers are at their highest levels in two decades. query has demonstrated that consistent rubber eraser use is an effective way to prevent the transmission of HIV and other STDs and in the prevention of pregnancy.Analyses of the Urban Institutes National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM) show that although most sexually experienced teenage males have used condoms at least once, many do non use them consistently. Only 35 percent reported using a condom every time they had sex in the past year. But teenage males use condoms more than older men, and between 1979 and 1988 reported condom use among male teenagers doubled. These patterns indicate that teenagers are a promising tar get out population for condom promotion efforts since they appear more ready than older men to change their behaviors. Unfortunately, condom use among young men appears to have plateaued since 1988. Comparisons of 1988 and 1991 NSAM data show no change in rates of use. Attitudes Related to Use Condom use is higher among young men who worry more frequently almost assist when the effects of other factors are held constant. Between 1988 and 1991, however, sexually experienced teenagers showed declines in the frequency with which they worried about AIDS, how serious they thought AIDS was, and the likelihood they would get AIDS. These reductions were associated with lower levels of condom use. Male teenagers who think they will be embarrassed buying or using condoms, use them less consistently than those with higher distraction thresholds. If they think that the use of a condom will reduce the physical pleasure associated with intercourse, they are even less likely to use condoms . Anticipated sack of pleasure is one of the strongest correlates of reduced condom use. Beliefs about male responsibility for contraception are also associated with condom use. Teenage males use condoms more a great deal when they believe that men bear responsibility for initiating discussion of contraception with their female partners, refusing sexual intercourse if contraception is not used, helping to pay for the contraceptive pill, and anticipate financial responsibility for any resulting children. Further work has shown that young mens views of their contraceptive responsibility are very much related to their beliefs about masculinity.