Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry

Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry An alkoxide is an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from an hydroxyl group of an alcohol when reacted with a metal. It is the conjugate base of an alcohol. Alkoxides have the formula RO- where R is the organic substituent from the alcohol. Alkoxides are strong bases and good ligands (when R is relatively small). Generally, alkoxides are unstable in protic solvents, but they do occur as reaction intermediates. Transition metal alkoxides are used as catalysts and to prepare coatings. Key Takeaways: Alkoxide An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Example Sodium reacting with methanol (CH3OH) reacts to form the alkoxide sodium methoxide (CH3NaO). Preparation There are several reactions with alcohol that produce alkoxides. They may be made by reacting an alcohol with a reducing metal (e.g., any of the alkali metals), by reaction with an electrophilic chloride (e.g., titanium tetrachloride), using electrochemistry, or via a metathesis reaction between a sodium alkoxide and a metal chloride. Alkoxide Key Takeaways An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Sources Boyd, Robert Neilson; Morrison, Robert Thornton (1992). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9780136436690.Bradley, Don C.; Mehrotra, Ram C.; Rothwell, Ian P.; Singh, A. (2001). Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-048832-5.Turova, Nataliya Y.; Turevskaya, Evgeniya P.; Kessler, Vadim G.; Yanovskaya, Maria I. (2002). The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 9780792375210.Williamson, Alexander (1850). Theory of Ætherification. Phil. Mag. 37 (251): 350–356. doi:10.1080/14786445008646627

Teaching in Public Schools Differs from Private Schools

Teaching in Public Schools Differs from Private Schools School choice is a hot topic concerning education especially when it comes to public vs. private schools. How parents choose to educate their children is highly debated, but teachers have options when it comes to choosing a job? As a teacher, landing your first job is not always easy. However, you must ensure that the schools mission and vision align with your personal philosophy. It is important to understand that teaching in public schools does differ from teaching in private schools. Both offer the opportunity to work with young people on a daily basis, but each has their advantages and disadvantages. Teaching is a very competitive field, and at times it seems like there are more teachers than there are jobs available. Prospective teachers applying for a position in a private school should know the differences between public and private schools that will impact how they do their job. Understanding those differences is important if you have an either/or opportunity. Ultimately, you want to teach at a place where you are comfortable, that will support you as both a teacher and a person, and that will give you the best opportunity to make a difference in the lives of your students. Here we examine some major differences between public and private schools when it comes to teaching. Budget The budget of a private school typically comes from a combination of tuition and fundraising. This means that the overall budget of a school is dependent on how many students are enrolled and the overall wealth of the donors who support it. This can be challenging for newer private schools and an overall advantage for an established private school that have successful alumni willing to support the school. The bulk of the budget of a public school is driven by local property taxes and state education aid. Schools also get some federal money to support federal programs. Some public schools are also fortunate to have local businesses or individuals who support them through donations, but this is not the norm. The budget for public schools is typically tied to their state’s economic status. When a state goes through an economic hardship schools, receive less money than they typically would. This often forces school administrators to make difficult cuts. Certification Public schools require a minimum of a bachelor’s degree and a teaching certificate to be a certified teacher. These requirements are set by the state; whereas requirements for private schools are set by their individual governing boards. Most private schools typically follow the same requirements as public schools. However, there are a few private schools that do not require a teaching certificate and in some cases may hire teachers without a specific degree. There are also private schools that only look to hire teachers who hold an advanced degree. Curriculum and Assessment For public schools, the curriculum is mostly driven by state-mandated objectives and for most states will soon be driven by the Common Core State Standards. Individual districts may also have additional objectives based on their individual community needs. These state mandated objectives also drive the state standardized testing that all public schools are required to give. State and federal governments have a much smaller influence on the private school curriculum. Private schools can essentially develop and implement their own curriculum and assessments. One of the major differences is that private schools may incorporate religious curriculum into their schools whereas public schools cannot. Most private schools are founded based on religious principles, so this allows them to indoctrinate their students with their beliefs. Other private schools may choose to focus more on a specific area such as math or science. In this case, their curriculum will focus more on those specific areas, whereas a public school is more balanced in their approach. Discipline The old saying goes that kids will be kids. This is true for both public and private schools. There are going to be discipline issues in either case. Public schools typically have more major discipline issues such as violence and drugs than private schools do. Public school administrators spend the majority of their time handling student discipline issues. Private schools tend to have more parental support which often leads to fewer discipline issues. They also have more flexibility than public schools when it comes to removing a student from a classroom or removing them from school altogether. Public schools are required to take every student who lives in their district. A private school can simply end their relationship with a student who continuously refuses to follow their expected policies and procedures. Diversity A limiting factor for private schools is their lack of diversity. Public schools are much more diverse than private schools in many areas including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, student needs, and academic ranges. The truth is that attending a private school cost too much money for most Americans to send their children too. This factor alone tends to limit diversity within a private school. The reality is that the majority of the population in private schools is made up of students who are from upper-middle-class Caucasian families. Enrollment Public schools are required to take every student no matter their disability, academic level, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc. This can also have an adverse effect on class size especially in years where budgets are thin. It is not uncommon for there to be 30-40 students in a single classroom in a public school. Private schools control their enrollment. This allows them to keep class sizes in an ideal 15-18 student range. Controlling enrollment also is beneficial for teachers in that the overall range of where students are academically are much closer than a typical public school classroom. This is a very important benefit for both students and teachers in private schools. Parental Support In public schools, the amount of parental support for the school varies. It is typically dependent upon the community where the school is located. Unfortunately, there are communities that do not value education and only send their kids to school because it is a requirement or because they think of it as free babysitting. There are also many public school communities who value education and provide tremendous support. Those public schools with low support provide a different set of challenges than those with high parental support. Private schools almost always have tremendous parental support. After all, they are paying for their child’s education, and when money is exchanged, there is an unspoken guarantee that they intend to be involved in their child’s education. Parental involvement is very important in the overall academic growth and development of a child. It also makes a teacher’s job easier in the long run. Pay A surprising fact is that public school teachers are typically paid more than private school teachers. However this does depend on the individual school itself, so it may not necessarily be the case. Some private schools may also offer benefits that public schools do not including tuition for higher education, housing, or meals. One reason that public school teachers are typically paid more is because most private schools do not have a teacher’s union. Teaching unions fight hard for their members to be fairly compensated. Without these strong union ties, it is difficult for private school teachers to negotiate for better pay. Conclusion There are many pros and cons a teacher must weigh when it comes to choosing to teach in public vs. private school. It ultimately comes down to individual preference and comfort level. Some teachers would prefer the challenge of being a teacher in a struggling inner city school and others would prefer to teach in an affluent suburban school. The reality is that you can make an impact no matter where you teach.

Discussion part Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discussion part - Lab Report Example Upon administration of satraplatin, a number of metabolites (JM118, JM383, JM518, JM559 and JM149) are formed (Raynaud et al. 1996). Platinum complexes can kill tumour cells owing to their ability to form various covalent adducts on DNA (Brabec, 2002). DNA conformation is affected by the formation of adducts which also impacts some of the other intracellular processes including DNA damage recognition by specific proteins, DNA polymerisation and repair, all of which contribute to the antitumour activity of the platinum-based compounds e.g., cisplatin (Johnson et al., 1989). Most of the chemotherapeutic drugs that have been found to be clinically valuable act by damaging DNA in proliferating cells. Thus, DNA damage is pivotal to the origin, progression and treatment of cancer. Also, higher the cytotoxicity of the compound, better the efficacy. In the present study, both the Comet assay and the MN technique were employed to assess the genotoxic effects of satraplatin and vinflunine. The comet assay essentially evaluates primary DNA damage, which is reparable, by measuring single- and/or double-strand breaks in individual cells (Collins et al., 1997). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidising agent that is produced intracellularly during normal metabolism or when exposed to external agents such as solar UV radiation. H2O2 can cause DNA damage through sugar and base modifications (Dizdaroglu, 1992). In this study, human lymphocytes incubated for 30 min with 50ÃŽ ¼M H2O2 showed substantial DNA damage, seen as a 7-fold increase in the mean Olive Tail Moment (OTM) values compared to the control sample (Fig. 1). In those cells that were subjected to a one-hour pre-incubation with satraplatin (0.02ÃŽ ¼M - 200ÃŽ ¼M) a significant reduction in OTM values was obtained. The observed decrease in OTM, ranging from 30% - 75%, was directl y proportional to the concentration of satraplatin used. The mode of action of many

The shortcomings experienced in the adult learning system syllabi that Dissertation

The shortcomings experienced in the adult learning system syllabi that is implemented by prisons departments - Dissertation Example This essay discusses that the British prison educational system has many challenges to overcome if it desires to address its mandate of rehabilitating prisoners. The British government must deal with the fact that the vast majority of the people it incarcerates have tremendous learning problems, including suffering from high levels of illiteracy and innumeracy than the general population. As a result, education in prisons is filled with many obstacles that the British government, staff, and prisoners must overcome. In order to ascertain the efficacy of its educational programmes in prison, the British government provides tests and diagnoses to seek if it can remedy the problems of prison learning. The issue of evaluating inmates remains a central concern for the prison educational system because of the particular characteristics of inmates that impact their learning, including the fact that some serve shorter sentences versus longer sentences, the lack of funding for classes, the abs ence of a system of transferring school records to the next prison, the lack of a uniform educational system for all, the constraints of prison life, the lack of access to the Internet and library, the lack of high level courses, etc. All of these factors and more militate against inmates learning in the prison educational system. However, in giving these tests, the thesis of this dissertation argues it has uncovered even more problems in terms of making these prisoners take them over and over again, which is called repetitive assessment diagnosis. Finally, it makes recommendations on how to address this problem. The construction of the syllabi design and implementation should not have any items that will cause monotony, such as repetition. Major academic theories of syllabi design and the implementation argue that the learning environment of learners may be definitive of the actual outcome of the learning. Repetition serves as a particular problem of the prison educational system w ith compromising syllabus implementation for inmates. One of the problems that plague the prison educational system is the routine practice of the relocation of prisoners and their subsequent successive subjection to diagnostic assessments. On the other hand, it underscores plausible solutions with respect to the prison educational system in the United Kingdom. With the collaboration of A4E (Action for Employment), adult education system, and prison’s setting training are carried out. The concept of assessment in the learning process and its coordination in successive procedures are important in facilitating education among students. The learning experience of students should to be facilitated with the use of assessment techniques that encourage active participation. Repetition in assessments could result in alienation and loss of interest from students. A well designed assessment should facilitate self-evaluation and progression in personal development rather than be punitiv e and repetitive. This study examines the problems in the prison educational system of the United Kingdom in regards to the assessment failures in its tests, especially in regards to repetitive evaluations of transferred prisoners. In order to understand the impact of successive

Banning Catcher in the Rye Essay Example for Free

Banning Catcher in the Rye Essay The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger should not be banned in schools based solely on the fact that it is a controversial book that uses harsh language and sexual references. This book is J. D. Salinger’s freedom of speech, and it is a violation of the first amendment for schools to ban this book. This book is only offering an inside look into what teenagers go through in some point of their lives. According to the Los Angeles Times, The Catcher in the Rye’s, â€Å"†¦ profanity and sexual references drew scandalized reactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rotella 18). Although this book has many sexual references, it is not in any way as explicit and as bad as what teenagers see and hear nowadays on television and in the world. Holden occasionally thinks and talks about sex: â€Å"Most guys at Pencey talked about having sexual intercourse with girls all the time. † (Salinger 48). The average teenager often thinks and talks about sex. It is not unusual for teenagers to do this. The profanity in this book is also not as bad as it may seem. Patty Salazar, a concerned mother and religious activist, claims that, â€Å"‘It uses the Lord’s name in vain 200 times’† (Rotella 17), but the curse words used in The Catcher in the Rye are nothing that teenagers have not heard before in their everyday lives. Banning The Catcher in the Rye in school is not acceptable. It is a violation of the first amendment, and it is nothing far from what teenagers encounter everyday. This book gives teenagers someone in literature that they are able to relate to in one way or another. The Catcher in the Rye is not a book that will corrupt young readers. The underlying theme of this book is loss of innocence. This loss occurs when a teenager makes the change to adulthood where he or she is obscured by phoniness. By banning this book from schools, the only thing that teenagers would be sheltered from is reality.

Treatment for Tuberculosis :: Medical Biology Disease TB

Treatment for Tuberculosis Tuberculosis has many forms that can invade the body. Many cures involve drugs and multiple combinations of the drugs. Drugs are used in combinations because tuberculosis can travel to different parts of the body. One of the causes for the spread of tuberculosis around the world is the emergence drug- resistance strain. Tuberculosis can become resistant to most, if not all, of the drugs that are used to treat tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a bacteria infection that affects many people over the world. Treatment for the disease helps people but it is limited. Vaccination is sought but, like treatment, is limited. Because of these limitations Tuberculosis spreads and kills easily. Tuberculosis can be cured by constant drug therapy. One of the first steps to treating Tuberculosis is identifying which form has developed in the body. The two forms that could progress in the body are latent Tuberculosis infection and active Tuberculosis infection (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis is the dormant form of the bacteria, meaning that it is inactive and doesn?t cause an infectious reaction in the body. Even if the latent form enters the body, treatment should be sought (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis can become active Tuberculosis easily though, especially if the immune system is compromised by another infection, like HIV (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Active Tuberculosis infects the body immediately. Symptoms show in the body meaning the bacteria is effecting the cells of the body. Identifying the form is important because treatment is dependent upon it. Testing for TB involves a skin test, usually within seven work-days of conta ct with the bacteria. Without knowing what is in the body, the drugs won?t be as effective and might even cause drug-resistance. After diagnosing which form is in the body, treatment and therapy can begin. After the test, an infected person should inform the health-care provider with information about other people that might be infected. This will help control the spread of Tuberculosis (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Treatment for the infected person means continual drug therapy. Treatment for active Tuberculosis and latent Tuberculosis is usually similar because both forms of the bacteria invade multiple environments of the body. Tuberculosis originates in the lungs, because it enters through air, and sometimes spreads to other organs, called extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (World Health Organization19).

British workers Essay

Firstly, some say that evacuation wasn’t well organised, so when children arrived at their destination to be looked after, it was usually the cleaner and smarter children who where chosen first. This could have had an effect on the emotions of the children and they might of informed their parents, by knowing that they were unwanted. From Source A, we can see that children were excited about going to live in a new area for several months, as they might of thought they were going on holiday. But, just because they seemed happy, the parents might not of been, and instead, be worried for the lives of their children. This is a reliable Source, as it is a picture taken on the day children were walking to London station. Source B shows an interview with a teacher that took place in 1988. We can see that from the teacher’s experience, evacuation was just as upsetting for her as it was for the mothers of the children. This Source also shows us that evacuation was rather unorganised, as the teachers didn’t know where they were going and the children might have been nervous and worried. Again, this is quite a reliable Source, because it is from a teachers experience during evacuation. Next, Source C shows an extract from a children’s novel. From this Source, we can see that if children were poor, unlike Carrie and Nick, the foster parents would think that their shoes would have been dirty so they would have to â€Å"keep to the middle of the stair carpet. † However, these children might have felt it was a joke, as they weren’t poor. This just goes to show how unorganised the evacuation progress was. This Source may not be as reliable as the previous two Sources, as it may be biased and is from a fictional, 1973 novel. The next Source is a wartime propaganda poster aimed at Scottish people, persuading them to foster evacuee children. We can see from this Source that the British Government need new foster parents, should the unexpected happen. I also think this poster was used to possibly boost morale, so parents could see that their children were most likely to be safe and happy. The next reason is that it is obvious that evacuation saved the lives of thousands of evacuees. The Government knew that evacuation was a good idea because of this, but the parents of the children didn’t think the children were safe by sending them somewhere they didn’t know about. Parents thought that their children would be safer with them, or with their friends and family, as we can see in Source E. From the Source seen in Hope and Glory, we can see that the mother feels so upset about letting go of her children, she regrets it, and thinks it is best if they stay with here, even though they can’t. This shows how hard it was for parents to let go of their children during the evacuation progress, as they didn’t know what would happen to them. In conclusion, I would say that evacuation was a great success. Children were taken from busy or poor living standards and put into safer, quieter countryside locations. Most children that were evacuated had better living conditions where they where staying, for example, they had plenty of food all of the time, most of them had their own room and accessories (such as their own toothbrushes, soap and flannel), and they were happy by living in such good standards. Also, evacuation was a success because it gave British workers more time to worry about the war, instead of the lives of their children.

Better and Gloria Steinem

* An excerpt from Ralph Waldo Emerson's â€Å"from Journal,† from the paragraph beginning â€Å"How sad a spectacle† to the end of the essay. This passage begins on p. 88 in the 10th edition and p. 100 in the 11th edition. * All of E. B. White's â€Å"Progress and Change† (p. 592 in the 10th edition; p. 562 – 563 in the 11th edition). * An excerpt from Fred Strebeigh's â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom: Bicycles in China. † Read from paragraph 56, which begins â€Å"There, I tried to continue the work† to the end of the essay (p. 05 – 6 in the 10th edition; p. 339 – 40 in the 11th). * An excerpt from Gloria Steinem's â€Å"The Good News Is: These Are Not the Best Years of Your Life. † Read from paragraph 20, which begins â€Å"None of this should denigrate† to the end of the essay (p. 367 – 368 in the 10th edition; p. 358 – 59 in the 11th). * All of William Cronon's â€Å"The Trouble With Wilderness† (p. 651 – 654 in the 10th edition; p. 617 – 21 in the 11th). * Examine and analyze the unattributed Figure 7, â€Å"Technowar† (p. 800 in the 10th edition; p. 06 in the 11th). Change means to alter. Change is good since it is an opportunity to move forward and prestige in life. It also allows people to change their status quo. But in order to change you must risk. In three sources that show change were E. B. White’s â€Å"Progress and Change†, Fred Strebeigh’s â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom†, and Gloria Steinem’s â€Å"The Good News Is: These are Not the Best Years of Your Life. † In E. B. White â€Å"Progress and Change† White explains why change is needed to solve issues.He also said that if there is too much change it lose meaning to what you are trying to improve on. Additionally it is said that if you want change, risk is an ingredient to enhancements. On page 563 White stated this â€Å"People who favor progr ess and improvements are apt to be people who have had a tough enough time without any extra inconvenience. † This supports my opinion of change being good because this quote shows that if people want a better life one must change to grow.In Strebeigh’s â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom: Bicycles in China† Strebeigh describes how men and women tried to stop tanks by throwing their bikes against the tanks to prevent the tanks from crushing their dignity, humanity, and freedom. On page 339 Strebeigh said â€Å"citizens trying to stop tanks by shoving bicycles at them, flatbeds tricycles turned into ambulances for slaughtered children. † In this reading change is taking place, as I said above risk is always a factor to make change happen.All those citizens risked their left cycling to freedom as they fight against the tanks in China. In Gloria Steinem’s â€Å"The Good News Is: These are Not the Best Years of Your Life. † Steinem states how women are l ooked down upon and unequally treated because of their gender. Therefore women have worked together to gain some influence. On Page 358 Steinem said â€Å"just as a young women’s most radical act toward her mother. † This quote is stating that daughters and mothers are connecting as one to achieve power.This is adequate example of my reason why change is good because everyone should be treated equally so when women work together it helps them gain more influence in society and a voice. Change is like water. Water has many stages to purify it to drink, so because of that water changes in many phases. Chemicals are added to water so that bacteria’s are pulled to it, then put through filters, and disinfected with chlorine. So if there are no changes you get sick or die from drinking unpurified water. This shows that change is good because it is only for the better and improvements to what we had before.

Rhetorical Analysis of The The essays

Rhetorical Analysis of The The essays Rhetorical Analysis of The Theory of Multiple Intelligences We believe that human cognitive competence is better described in terms of a set of abilities, talents, or mental skills, which we call intelligences. (Gardner 379) In 1993, when Howard Gardner wrote this essay, people focused most of their attention on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence. They esteem the highly articulate or logical people. IQ test devised by Alfred Binet was the only indicator that measures permanent basic intelligence. Howard Gardner proposes a new view of intelligence that is rapidly being incorporated in school curricula. In his Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Gardner expanded the concept of intelligence to also include such areas as music, special relations, and interpersonal/intrapersonal knowledge in addition to mathematical and linguistic ability. From his book Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (1993), he proposes that there are at least seven distinct intelligences. Additionally he wants to let the public know his different view. He spent 2 pages of his essay to tell us a story which shows that something is wrong. He is trying to facilitate communication for modern public readers. That must be the reason why this essay has simple language and a brief structure. He hides the details of his research but tells us a story which can be easily understood by most of us. He is introducing the new concept of human intelligence to the public. First, Ill discuss about the structure of this essay. First thing that catches my eyes is the way he list the seven different kinds of intelligence with parallel structure. From musical to intrapersonal intelligence, he explains each kind of intelligence as simply as possible with the exact same structure. He begins with a story that identifies the specific intelligence. For example, in the musical intelligence part, he tells a story about a three year old boy who was f...

How to Check Cross-References

How to Check Cross-References How to Check Cross-References How to Check Cross-References By Mark Nichol A word, phrase, or sentence that directs the reader to related information in the same document (or, in the case of online content, perhaps a different document), whether said document is an article or a book, is called a cross-reference. This post discusses best practices in employing cross-references. In printed or online content, a cross-reference is a text element that introduces the reader to a subsequent element of content, whether text or one or more graphic elements. For example, an observation or assertion may be followed by a statement such as â€Å"See further discussion in chapter 6† or â€Å"See the columns labeled ‘Cause’ and ‘Effect’ in figure 1 below.† Note a couple of details about these examples: First, neither example uses page numbers to locate the cross-reference; this is because, in the case of a printed document, pagination may change when the content is reprinted or is posted online. (Also, the designations for types of content- chapter and figure- are not capitalized, nor are similar terms such as appendix, part, and table, and numbers are always styled as numerals, not spelled out.) For the same reason, avoid directions such as â€Å"See next page†; write â€Å"See below,† instead, especially to direct the reader’s attention to a figure or table. Cross-references can also refer to preceding elements, either by specific references or by calling attention to, for example, â€Å"the abovementioned factors† or â€Å"the aforementioned locations,† â€Å"the foregoing discussion,† or â€Å"the participants mentioned above.† General references similar to these seldom precede their referents, and equivalents of abovementioned and aforementioned that replace the first half of each word with below and after are not valid words, nor is aftergoing. (Prementioned is a real world, but I have never seen it used in this context.) On a related note, it is essential to check all cross-references in a given piece of content. Any references to the title of the overall content itself that appear in the content should match, and the writer, and/or an editor or proofreader, should verify that all elements listed in the table of contents- part and chapter titles and any headings and subheadings- and related lists of such elements as figures and tables should be verified against the lists. (At the proofreading stage, page numbers in the table of contents and similar lists, which are entered in the electronic file from which the publication is created only after the text is paginated, should also be cross-checked against the respective pages.) In addition, all cross-references discussed in the foregoing discussion should be checked to make sure that, for example, when figure 5 is mentioned in regard to a certain topic, fact, or data point, that information appears in figure 5. Likewise, a caption for an illustration or a photograph, or a reference to the image in the running text, should be inspected to verify that it correctly identifies what is shown in the image. Chapter numbers and other identifying information should be cross-checked in the proofreading stage as well; such indicators may have been changed at some point because, for example, two chapters have been combined, one has been deleted, or a new one has been inserted. At the same time, or in a separate review, spelling or treatment of terms in the text should be checked to ensure that it matches those shown in figures. For example, if a table with a list of names refers to someone as Smythe, but the text uses Smyth, the correct choice should be verified and the error corrected, or if a map identifies the most populous city in India as Bombay but the text uses the newer standard form Mumbai (whether in reference to the map or in isolation), the map should be relabeled, or replaced with one that uses the modern form. Also, when footnotes or endnotes are employed, text that prompts a note should be checked against the wording of the note to ensure that they are pertinent to each other, and when a citation is noted, it should be checked against a list of references to make sure, first, that an entry for each citation is listed and, second, that the information in the citation (for example, a last name and the year of publication) matches the information in the references. In a separate step, the references should be cross-checked against citations to make sure that every reference in the list has one or more corresponding citations; reference entries without a citation should be deleted. URLs and links to email addresses should also be verified, and links should be tested to ensure that the destination of the link is correct and correctly identified. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of Infinitives50 Nautical Terms in General UseIs Your Novel "Mystery," "Thriller," or "Suspense"?

Types of Reasoning. Problem Analysis using Duty-Oriented Reasoning Essay

Types of Reasoning. Problem Analysis using Duty-Oriented Reasoning - Essay Example Utilitarian reasoning is also known as end-result based reasoning technique. On the other hand, duty-oriented reasoning technique is also known as deontology (Motta). For the believers of deontology school of thought, it is necessary that they assume responsibility as an essential and the intention of the individual should be relevant to the context. Moreover, it is also important for the individual to possess prior knowledge about the subject before experiencing it, so that the individual is ready for any consequences. Utilitarian reasoning, on the other hand, requires an individual to determine the locus of righteous and wrongful deeds absolutely depending on the resultant of the reasoned action over other actions. Last but not the least, from an ethical point of view in a health care setting, using utilitarian reasoning indicates that work related behavior and attitude of individuals is characterized as quantitative and deductive approach. Whereas, duty-based reasoning used by ind ividuals indicates that work related behavior and attitudes can be characterized as qualitative and inductive approach towards ethics. 1(b): Problem Analysis using Duty-Oriented Reasoning Problem: A patient is admitted into the hospital and I am the on-call doctor available. The condition of the patient is severe and there are only 10% chances that the patient might survive, if he is admitted to Critical Care Unit (CCU) and a ventilator is installed, which gives that patient artificial life support. But keeping him on ventilator will be painful for the patient and might prolong the suffering of potential death. Principles Involved: Being a doctor, I took the oath of saving peoples’ lives. Therefore; it is the call of my duty to save the life of the patient in any case. Options Available: The options available to me are to admit that patient into CCU and make him suffer the pain of ventilator. Or, I can leave that patient in the emergency unit and let him die peacefully. Compa ring the Options: Role Duty: Putting the patient on ventilator might save him, which also allowed in the medical laws and policy frameworks. Beneficence: Ventilator might save the life of the patient but it will be painful for him. Once the patient recovers, he might fear the type of treatment he received. Nonmaleficence: It is my duty to provide relief to patients and do not put them in pain. But putting the patient on ventilator will put him in further pain and misery, where the chances of him recovering are less. Decision: Weighing the chances of patient to survive with the help of ventilator, against the chances of his immediate death, I have decided not admit the patient in CCU. The facility could be used for other patient who has more chances of survival, whereas the current patient would be saved to suffer more pain while admitted into CCU. 2. Veracity Truthfulness: Truthfulness in medical ethics refers to a situation where the doctor is required to tell the truth to the pati ents, no matter what will be consequences of the news. The concept of truthfulness requires the physicians not to lie to their patients and state the problem as it is. For example, if a person is found HIV positive, then his doctor/physician must communicate the diagnosed disease to the patient without thinking about the consequences. Autonomy Autonomy, in medical ethics, refers to the right of patients of freedom to know everything about the